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Purpose: To compare the surgical outcomes of trabeculectomy with and without anti?metabolites in patients with juvenile open?angle glaucoma (JOAG). Methods: This retrospective comparative case series included 98 eyes of 66 patients with JOAG who underwent either trabeculectomy without anti?metabolites (group A, n = 53 eyes) or with anti?metabolites (group B, n = 45 eyes) with a minimum of 2 years follow?up. The main outcome measures were intra?ocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications, visual acuity, additional surgical interventions, surgical complications, and risk factors for failure. Surgical failure was defined as IOP >18 mmHg or failure to reduce IOP by <30% from the baseline value or IOP ?5 mmHg or re?operation for refractory glaucoma or a complication or loss of light perception vision. Results: The mean post?operative IOP reduced significantly from baseline at all post?operative visits until 6 months and thereafter. The cumulative probability of failure at 2 years was 28.7% in group A [95% confidence interval (CI) = 17.6–44.8%] and 29.1% in group B (95% CI = 17.1–46.7%) (P = 0.78). Surgical complications occurred in 18 eyes (34%) in group A and 19 eyes (42%) in group B. Re?operations for glaucoma or complications were performed in two eyes (3.8%) in group A and two eyes (4.4%) in group B. Cox?hazard regression model revealed male gender (HR = 0.29; P = 0.008), baseline high IOP (HR = 0.95; P = 0.002), and an increased number of pre?operative glaucoma medications (HR = 2.08; P = 0.010) as significant factors associated with failure. Conclusion: Our study results on trabeculectomy in JOAG revealed a success of 71% in both groups at 2 years follow?up. There was no significant difference in success or failure rates between the two groups. The risk factors for poor surgical outcome in JOAG were male gender, baseline high IOP, and an increased number of glaucoma medications
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In 2020, the global prevalence of glaucoma was estimated to be 76 million and it was projected to increase to 111.8 million by 2040. Accurate intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement is imperative in glaucoma management since it is the only modifiable risk factor. Numerous studies have compared the reliability of IOP measured using transpalpebral tonometers and Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT). This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to update the existing literature with a reliability and agreement comparison of transpalpebral tonometers against the gold standard GAT for IOP measurement among individuals presenting for ophthalmic examinations. The data collection will be performed using a predefined search strategy through electronic databases. Prospective methods-comparison studies published between January 2000 and September 2022 will be included. Studies will be deemed eligible if they report empirical findings on the agreement between transpalpebral tonometry and Goldmann applanation tonometry. The standard deviation and limits of agreement between each study and their pooled estimate along with weights and percentage of error will be reported using a forest plot. Cochrane’s Q test and the I2 statistic will be used to assess heterogeneity, and the publication bias will be investigated using a funnel plot, Begg’s and Egger’s tests. The review results will provide additional evidence on the reliability of transpalpebral tonometers that, in turn, could possibly assist practitioners to make informed decision about using it as a screening or diagnostic device for clinical practice, outreach camps, or home-based screening. Institutional Ethics Committee registration number: RET202200390. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42022321693.
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Purpose: To study the safety and efficacy outcomes of Micropulse Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation (MP?TSCPC) as a primary versus additional therapy in eyes with uncontrolled glaucoma. Methods: This was a prospective, interventional, comparative study. All patients with advanced and refractory glaucoma treated with MP?TSCPC from April 2020 to December 2020 were recruited in this study. Results: A total of 77 eyes of 77 patients were analyzed. Group A (n = 33), included patients with advanced glaucoma at high risk for invasive surgery, who underwent MP?TSCPC as the primary intervention, and group B (n = 44) included patients who had undergone previous surgical intervention and MP?TSCPC was used additionally to control the intraocular pressure (IOP). Mean IOP and mean number of antiglaucoma medications were 34.06 (13.9) mmHg and 3.64 (0.7), respectively, in group A and 35.61 (11.5) mmHg and 3.73 (0.9), respectively, in Group B. Postoperatively, the mean IOP and percentage of IOP reduction were significantly lower at 1, 3, and 6 months, that is, 20.78 (32%), 22.07 (30%), and 19.09 (37%), respectively, in group A and 23.68 (35%), 19.50 (44%), and 19.61 (42%), respectively, in group B, but there was no difference between the groups at all visits. Postoperative need for ocular hypotensive drugs did not differ in group A (P = 0.231); however, it was significantly lower in group B (P = 0.027). Group A had 87%, 77%, and 74% success rates at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively, whereas group B had 91%, 86%, and 77% success rates at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively. Postoperative complications and intervention did not reveal any statistical difference between the two groups. Conclusion: MP?TSCPC may be considered as a temporizing measure both as a primary or as an additional intervention to control the IOP in eyes with refractory and advanced glaucoma that have a high risk of vision?threatening complications with invasive surgery.
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Purpose: To compare the short?term outcomes of combined phaco?emulsification with posterior chamber intra?ocular lens and mitomycin augmented trabeculectomy in patients with pseudo?exfoliation glaucoma (PXFG) versus primary open?angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: A total of 144 eyes of 144 patients were enrolled in this prospective interventional comparative study, 72 each of which had PXFG and POAG, respectively. All patients underwent twin?site combined phaco?trabeculectomy at a tertiary eye center in India between December 2017 and December 2018 and were followed up for a period of 12 months. The main outcome measures were intra?ocular pressure (IOP), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), total surgical time, rate of intra?operative and post?operative complications, and the number of ocular hypotensive medications needed. Success rates were determined via Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Results: The mean age was 63.9 ± 7.9 years in the POAG group and 66.4 ± 6.8 years in the PXFG group (P ? 0.04). The baseline BCVA, IOP, and cup?disc ratio were comparable between two groups. Intra?operative complications and post?operative outcomes were comparable between the two groups. There was a significant drop in anti?glaucoma medications in both groups. Six patients, three (4.2%) in each group, were lost to follow?up after 6 months. Three patients (4.2%) in PXFG needed additional glaucoma intervention for controlling IOP, one patient needed a non?valved glaucoma drainage device, and two patients required diode cyclo?photocoagulation within the follow?up period. Conclusion: Patients with PXFG had a longer surgical time than POAG. Similar success and complication rates were observed following combined twin?site phaco?trabeculectomy in both POAG and PXFG at 1 year. Combined glaucoma surgery resulted in good IOP control, improvement in BCVA, and lower requirement of ocular hypotensives in both the groups.
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Purpose: To correlate and analyze the pattern of the visual field (VF) defects by perimetry and anterior chamber angle parameters by AS-OCT in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) across varied severity levels on presentation to a tertiary eye care center. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, which included 323 eyes of clinically diagnosed cases of PACG. Glaucoma severity was categorized according to mean deviation (MD) as mild (-6.00 dB or more), moderate (-6.01 to -12.00 dB), and severe (-12.01 to -30.00 dB). AS-OCT measured the nasal (N) and temporal (T) angle opening distance at 500 ?m (AOD 500) and 750 ?m (AOD 750), anterior chamber angle (ACA), lens vault (LV), and anterior chamber width (ACW). The VF severity was then correlated with the AS-OCT parameters using statistical analysis. Results: The mean age ± standard deviation (SD) of the patients included in the study was 56.03 ± 8.6 years, with a 1:1.2 gender ratio. The number of eyes with mild, moderate, and severe VFs were 140 (43.3%), 88 (27.24%), and 95 (29.41%), respectively. There was no statistically significant correlation in the mean anterior chamber angle parameters (AOD 500, AOD 750, ACA 500, ACA 750, LV, ACW, and axial length (AL)) among the groups. However, the correlation between AOD 500 and LV thickness was found to be significant (P = 0.0000) with a negative Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (r = -0.3329). Conclusion: The ACA parameters obtained by AS-OCT along the horizontal axis after elimination of pupillary block by laser peripheral iridotomy do not correlate and cannot be used to assess the disease severity of PACG
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Purpose: To compare the clinical and biometric characteristics of children presenting with nanophthalmos (NO group) with that of age?matched controls (CO group). Methods: Electronic medical records of 40 children (<18 years of age) with diagnosis of nanophthalmos (NO), presented to a tertiary center in Tamil Nadu between January 2010 and December 2019, were reviewed and compared with 30 age?matched controls (CO) presenting for routine eye examination between October 2019 and December 2019. Clinical parameters compared were best?corrected visual acuity (BCVA), axial length (AxL), keratometry (K), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), retinochoroidal scleral thickness (RCS), corneal diameter, central corneal thickness (CCT), intraocular pressure (IOP), lens axial length factor (LAF), and lens thickness/anterior chamber depth ratio (LT/ACD). Results: Mean age of the NO group was 8.95 ± 4.0 years. Mean spherical equivalent (SE) in NO group was 10.87 ± 3.1 D and was inversely correlated to AxL (r = ?0.46, P value = 0.003). All biometric parameters (AxL, ACD, LT, RCS, LAF, and LT/ACD), except CCT were significantly different between NO and CO groups. NO group children had 52.5% visual impairment with BCVA ? 6/24 and 17.5% had esotropia. Common ocular associations in NO group were amblyopia (64.3%), primary angle?closure glaucoma (PACG) (17.8%), pigmentary retinopathy (14.3%), and retinal detachment (3.6%). Angle?closure disease was seen in 50% of NO group and 30% underwent laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI). There was a significant difference in SE, ACD, and LAF among NO children with AxL <17 mm or >17 mm. Multivariable regression analysis revealed a significant correlation of SE and ACD with AxL. Conclusion: Nanophthalmos in children often present as amblyopia with visual impairment and strabismus. NO group with AxL <17 mm, had angle?closure disease as a common association with significantly lower ACD, higher SE, and LAF. All morphometric characteristics, except CCT, were significantly different between NO and CO groups. Close monitoring with serial biometry in NO group is needed for the timely diagnosis and prompt intervention to avoid visual impairment, due to glaucoma
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We aimed to study the histopathological and immunohistochemistry features in clinically diagnosed cases of nanophthalmos using light microscopy. This was an observational comparative study. We enrolled four eyes of four consecutive patients with nanophthalmos and visually significant cataract, who underwent cataract surgery with prophylactic posterior sclerostomy. Histological analysis of the excised scleral tissue was done and compared with age-matched cadaver controls between January 2021 and October 2021. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stains were used for histological analysis, and was further supplemented with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) analyses using a simple light microscope. The immunostained sections were analyzed using confocal microscope for the fibronectin expression level. The main outcome measure was demonstration of histological changes of sclera in nanophthalmic eyes undergoing cataract surgery. Light microscopic features of nanophthalmos revealed thick fibers with fraying and lightly stained cores, irregular serrated edges, and randomly interspersed fibroblasts compared to regular arrangement of collagen fibers seen in cadaver controls. Immunohistochemistry analysis with anti-fibronectin antibody showed strong positivity in clustered fibers in nanophthalmos, and less intense diffuse staining in cadaver tissue. Histoclinical correlation was observed in one nanophthalmic scleral tissue with axial length less than 17 mm showing severe disorganization with diffuse collagenization, loss of fibrillary architecture compared to another specimen with axial length more than 17 mm. Simple, cost-effective light microscopy using basic stains was effective in identifying the characteristic histopathological features in nanophthalmic eyes, and this was further highlighted by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses.
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Purpose: To analyze the ocular biometric parameters of eyes with acute primary angle closure (APAC) as compared to fellow eyes. Methods: A cross?sectional study was conducted on 27 patients presenting with recent onset APAC to a tertiary eye institute in India. Anterior and posterior ocular biometric parameters were measured simultaneously by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS?OCT), A?scan, ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), and B?mode ultrasonogram (USG). The parameters measured were anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA), angle opening distance (AOD500, AOD750), lens vault (LV), axial length (AL), ciliary body thickness maximum (CBTmax) and at the point of scleral spur (CBT0), anterior placement of the ciliary body (APCB), and retinochoroidal thickness (RCS). Results: Mean age � SD of patients with APAC was 55.66 � 7.2 years with female preponderance (21:6 patients). Mean presenting IOP � SD of the affected eye and fellow eye were 54.74 � 11.67 mm Hg and 18.7 � 11.67 mm Hg, respectively. Eyes with APAC had statistically significant narrower anterior ocular biometric parameters, higher LV, decreased ciliary body thickness, more APCB, and longer AL than the fellow eyes. CBTmax is the only variable that had significance (? = ?0.421,95% CI: ?0.806 to ? 0.035, P = 0.034) in the univariate analysis with RCS thickness in APAC eyes. Further, there was a correlation between CBT0 and APCB with CBTmax both in univariate (? = 0.894, P < 0.0001 and ? = ?0.351, P = 0.039) and multivariable analysis (? = 0.911, P < 0.0001 and ? = ?0.416, P = 0.016). Conclusion: Compared to the fellow eyes, APAC eyes had different ocular biometric parameters. In addition to known biometric parameters associated with pupillary block (narrower anterior biometric parameters?ACA, ACD, and AOD), our study found multiple nonpupillary block factors such as higher lens vault and thinner and more anteriorly placed ciliary body to be associated with APAC.
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Objective: The development of new delivery systems for the controlled release of drugs is one of the most innovative fields of research in pharmaceutical sciences. Nanoparticles specially designed to release the drug in the vicinity of target sites. The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate the Lansoprazole nanoparticles to improve the therapeutic efficacy of Lansoprazole by loading in nanoparticle drug delivery system. Materials and Methods: Lansoprazole loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CNP1 to CNP10) were prepared by ionotropic gelation method. The formulated nanoparticles were evaluated for external morphological characters, determination of particle size analysis, zeta potential, drug content, entrapment efficiency and in-vitro release studies. Results: The drug content for the Lansoprazole loaded chitosan nanoparticles varied from 69.5±7.2% to 87.9±1.2%. The entrapment efficiencies were found to be minimum and maximum of 39.3±2.6% and 85.6±1.2%, the optimum entrapment efficiency was found to be 85.3±0.8%, particle size varied from 360±12nm to 814±62nm, zeta potential values were in positive and increased from 11.2±1.2mV to 18.7±0.4mV. In-vitro release of drug follows zero order and showed sustained release behavior for a period of 24 hr. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the successful preparation of sustained release polymeric nanoparticles of Lansoprazole.
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Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Pteridaceae, is a fern reputed to have numerous applications in traditional medicine in the treatment of leprosy, animal bites, thyroid dysfunction and musculoskeletal disorder.The proposed study was aimed to investigate the potency of the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris on the thyroid dysfunction - hypothyroidism in terms of determining thyroid gland weight, thyroid peroxidase activity, estimation of iodine in urine, concentrations of total thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in serum. The weight of thyroid gland was decreased, while thyroid peroxidase activity, serum T4 (p < 0.01) and serum T3 levels (p < 0.01) were increased in animals treated with the ethanol plant extract (500 mg/kg); but serum TSH level decreased significantly (p < 0.01) when compared with hypothyroid control animals. The SOD, Catalase and glutathione antioxidant enzyme levels and lipid peroxidation were measured.The results of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme assay indicated that the level of malondialdehyde was significantly lowered and the levels of antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased when treated with ethanol extract of Adiantum capillus (500 mg/kg). Polyphenolic compounds viz., quercetin and gallic acid were determined by HPTLC analysis. With the outlined results, Adiantum capillus could be used for the regulation of hypothyroidism.
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We report a case of a 4-year-old girl who developed right sided facial palsy following injury to forehead. Two days later, she developed trismus which gradually progressed to generalized tetanus. A literature search shows that this child is the first to present with facial palsy as the initial manifestation of tetanus in Indian literature.